Despite great ambition and willingness to invest, even in times of crisis, companies internationally are failing to achieve their goals, according to the "AI-Ambitions 2022" study by data integrator Fivetran only conditionally to use artificial intelligence (AI) in the context of decision-making processes.

Enormous backlog demand

"Companies have a huge amount of catching up to do when it comes to transferring and accessing data. However, a successful AI program needs a solid data foundation, and that usually starts with a cloud data warehouse or data lake. Data analytics teams that rely on a modern data stack here can take full advantage of their data and realize a true return on investment in AI and data science," said Fivetran CEO George Fraser.

The majority of companies collect and use most, if not all, of the data from their operational systems (92 percent) and use it for machine learning (ML) models (93 percent). Despite the IT infrastructure in place, 58 percent are still in the early stages or using AI on a moderate scale. Only 14 percent rely on AI-powered processes for decision making. In addition, 90 percent continue to rely on manual data processes instead of automation using ML and AI.

Laggard Germany

According to the study, companies in Germany are particularly ambivalent when it comes to AI: In an international comparison, the German companies surveyed see themselves as the least "AI newcomers" (seven percent). At the same time, only about one-fifth (21 percent) of German companies collect and flow all operational data into AI and ML projects. Even internal data scientists generally do not access the data holistically (16 percent). This puts Germany well behind the USA, the UK and Ireland.

Source: Press text.com

Siemens has been measuring lightning activity in Switzerland for more than 20 years. With the Lightning Information Service BLIDS the data from so-called ground lightning is registered. These are the lightning strikes that actually reach the ground and thus pose a danger to people, animals and infrastructure facilities. In Switzerland, the service is used by around one hundred customers. These include insurance companies, industrial companies and fire departments, as well as golf course operators and private individuals.

Fewer lightning strikes in summer 2022

Across Switzerland, 37,227 lightning strikes were recorded this summer; in the same period last year, the number of strikes was significantly higher at around 63,155. The highest number of lightning strikes in Switzerland was measured in Correvon/VD. The Siemens system registered 7.41 lightning bolts per km here.².
Broken down by state region, the following localities recorded the most impacts:

• Northwestern Switzerland: Williberg/AG, 5.28 flashes per km²
• Eastern Switzerland: Ermatingen/TG, 3.83 flashes per km²
• Southern Switzerland: Ludiano/TI, 4.38 lightning bolts per km²
• Western Switzerland: Correvon/VD, 7.41 flashes per km²
• Central Switzerland: Feusisberg/SZ, 4.17 flashes per km²
• Zurich: Erlenbach, 3.48 flashes per km²

BLIDS uses around 150 connected measuring stations in Europe for recording. In addition to the BLIDS infrastructure in Switzerland, Siemens experts also manage the measurement network in Germany, Great Britain, France, the Netherlands, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary.

Determination accurate to 100 meters

The high accuracy of BLIDS is based on the Time-of-Arrival (TOA) principle. The flash location is calculated from the difference between the times recorded in the receivers. Thanks to the rapid increase in computing and storage capacities, BLIDS succeeds in transmitting data ever faster and more precisely.

"Whereas it used to take up to 30 seconds for information about a lightning strike to be retrievable in the system, today it takes only ten," explains Stephan Thern, head of the lightning information service at Siemens. "Today, we can pinpoint about half of the lightning strikes to within less than 100 meters."

The information can be relevant for operators of high-voltage lines, for example. That way, if a line goes down, it can be quickly determined whether lightning or a fallen tree is responsible for the power outage. "If we confirm the lightning strike, the line can be brought back online much more quickly." To make lightning data available to customers on their PCs and mobile devices, the lightning service also provides cloud-based applications.

How the BLIDS system works

Every lightning bolt emits an electromagnetic signal, or electromagnetic waves. This information is registered with antennas and analyzed at Siemens' BLIDS headquarters in Karlsruhe. In addition to precise localization, this measurement and calculation method also makes it possible to detect the polarity and current strength as well as partial flashes within an overall flash.

The more precise and faster the data, the greater the protection for people, industrial plants and infrastructure. The antennas are designed in such a way that they can detect from which direction the signal is coming. In combination with the information from other antennas, it is possible to determine the point of impact. The course of a thunderstorm can thus be displayed without gaps.

Source: Siemens

According to Article 27 of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, people with disabilities have a right to favorable and safe working conditions. However, little is known about the working conditions of employees with disabilities. As evaluations by the Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA) and the Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training (BIBB) from Germany now show discloseemployees with a disability feel more stressed by work demands than people without a disability. In 2018, around 17,000 employees, including 1,766 people with an officially recognized disability, were asked about the mental demands of their work. It was found that people with a disability generally work at the limits of their capabilities more quickly. Further differences were found when it came to working quickly. Here, 61 percent of employees with a disability stated that they were affected. In contrast, only 51 percent of employees without a disability reported this.

The high workload among disabled people in industry is particularly high. In contrast to 50 percent of non-disabled people, 69 percent of disabled employees feel stressed by fast-paced work. The biggest difference was found when working at the limits of their capabilities. Here, 91 percent of employees with a disability stated that they felt stressed by these work demands, while 76 percent of employees without a disability stated that they were under pressure to perform.

According to the German institutes, good measures in the workplace can help to prevent overexertion. For example, employees with a disability should be supported by better technical equipment or more flexibility. The working atmosphere also always plays an important role.

Source: BAuA

According to the Federal Council, Russia's attack on Ukraine has destroyed the rule-based peace order in Europe. A swift analysis of the war and its consequences was therefore in order. The Federal Council has now provided this in the form of an addendum to the Security Policy Report 2021 published.

Essentially, the supplemental report states that the increasing threat of hybrid conflict has been confirmed. This includes, for example, disinformation, influence, cyberattacks, covert attacks, and armed conflict. In general, European forces are again becoming more conditioned to deter and defend against a military attack and to fight a conventional war. The dynamics of security and defense cooperation have increased as a result.

Faster gap closure in military capabilities

The supplementary report concludes that Switzerland must orient its security and defense policy more consistently toward international cooperation. Possibilities mentioned include the expansion of security and defense policy cooperation in Europe with NATO and the EU. While respecting neutrality, the cooperation should serve to strengthen the country's own defense capabilities. In concrete terms, this includes, for example, maneuvers such as individual exercises, an expansion of the military cooperation capability to defense-relevant areas as well as an intensification of the partnership status with NATO or a participation of the armed forces in EU units for rescue and evacuation operations.

The report also looks at the military lessons learned from the war and the consequences for the Army's capability development. In areas such as cyberdefense, mobility, protection against air attacks and indirect fire support, capability planning is on track. It is now necessary to advance Army modernization, capabilities, and means by increasing funding and continuously monitoring lessons learned from the war, he said. Critical capability gaps exist in anti-tank and sustainment, particularly in the under-stocking of ammunition, the report continues. The DDPS therefore intends to procure a long-range ground-to-ground guided weapon and apply for an increase in ammunition and guided weapon stocks with the 2023 armament program.

Source: Federal Council/Editorial Office

As of August 31, 2022, the approximately 630 Swiss network operators had to announce their electricity tariffs for the coming year both to their customers and to the Electricity Commission ElCom. The tariffs are made up of network usage tariffs, energy tariffs, charges to the public authorities and the network surcharge. According to ElCom's calculations of the median values, the situation for 2023 is as follows:

• A typical household with a consumption of 4500 kWh (consumption profile H4) will pay 27 centimes per kilowatt hour (Rp./kWh) in the coming year, i.e. 5.8 Rp./kWh more than in 2022. Calculated over one year, this corresponds to an electricity bill of 1215 francs (+ 261 Fr.).
• Network costs increase slightly; for a typical household by 7 percent from 9.9 Rp./kWh to 10.5 Rp./kWh. Energy tariffs increase for households from 7.9 Rp./kWh to 13.1 Rp./kWh (+ 64 %). Charges and services to the public authorities increase from 0.9 Rp./kWh to 1.0 Rp./kWh (+ 11 %). The grid surcharge remains at 2.3 Rp./kWh.

The picture is similar for small and medium-sized enterprises in Switzerland: network costs, the network surcharge and energy prices as well as levies are also rising here. This means that the total price increases by a median of 27 %.

However, prices vary considerably in some cases between grid operators within Switzerland, mainly due to large differences in energy procurement (share of own production, procurement strategy).

Reasons for the tariff increases

On the wholesale market, a sharp rise in prices has been observed across Europe since mid-2021. The reasons for this are the high gas prices, which rose extraordinarily sharply in the wake of the war in Ukraine. The sharp rise in coal prices, high CO2 prices and the below-average production capacity of French nuclear power plants also had a price-driving effect.

As the Swiss electricity market is closely linked to the European market, price increases also affect Switzerland: Many electricity utilities purchase a large part of their electricity on the wholesale market. Due to the increased market prices, they now have higher energy procurement costs, which they then pass on to customers in the basic supply, e.g. private households, via higher tariffs.

The four components of the electricity price

1. grid usage tariff: Price for transporting electricity via the grid from the power plant to the home. It is determined by the cost of the grid, i.e. for construction as well as maintenance and operation.

2. energy tariff: Price for the electrical energy supplied. The grid operator either generates this energy with its own power plants or buys it from suppliers.

3. taxes paid to the community: Municipal and cantonal levies and charges. These include, for example, concession fees or local energy levies.

4. network surcharge: Federal levy for the promotion of renewable energies, support of large-scale hydropower and for ecological renovation of hydropower. The amount of the levy is set annually by the Federal Council and in 2023, as in the previous year, will be at the statutory maximum of 2.3 cents per kWh.

The 2023 tariffs of the individual municipalities and distribution system operators are now available on the ElCom electricity price website retrievable and comparable.

Source: Swiss Federal Electricity Commission ElCom

The totally revised Data Protection Act (DPA) and the associated ordinance will come into force on September 1, 2023. This was decided by the Federal Council at a meeting last week. This will give the economy enough time to make the necessary arrangements for the implementation of the new data protection law, according to a statement.

The revised FADP and the corresponding provisions in the preliminary regulations are intended to ensure better protection of personal data in the future. The focus is on technological developments in connection with data protection, as well as on self-determination over personal data and transparency in the procurement of personal data.

Parliament originally passed the revision in September 2020, with the aim of making it compatible with European law and thus enabling Switzerland to be recognized by the European Union as a third country.

Since then, the Federal Council has made several adjustments to the DSV draft. For example, the chapter on the obligations of data controllers has been revised. The modalities for the right to information were also simplified and the documentation obligation was deleted.

The totally revised Data Protection Act (DPA) and the associated ordinance will enter into force on September 1, 2023. This was announced by the Federal Council at a meeting last week decided. This will give the economy enough time to take the necessary precautions for the implementation of the new data protection law, according to a statement.

The revised FADP and the corresponding provisions in the ordinances are intended to ensure better protection of personal data in the future. The focus is on technological developments in connection with data protection as well as on self-determination over personal data and transparency in the procurement of personal data.

Parliament originally passed the revision in September 2020, with the aim of making it compatible with European law and thus enabling Switzerland to be recognized by the European Union as a third country.

Since then, the Federal Council has made several adjustments to the DSV draft. For example, the chapter on the obligations of data controllers has been revised. The modalities for the right to information were also simplified and the documentation obligation was deleted.

Source: The Federal Council/Editorial Office 

Cyberattacks often occur via email or message through a messenger service. Cybercriminals try to trap potential victims by promising big profits, an inheritance from a stranger, or pretending that the computer has been hacked. The scam is not always obvious, because the attackers are becoming more and more skilled. They often use psychological tricks such as fear and time pressure or exploit the hectic and distracted nature of the recipients.

One quick click to big damage

A seemingly harmless action, such as clicking on a link or opening an attachment, can lead to great damage. Sometimes credit card data is requested and subsequently misused. Or malware is installed and the data is encrypted and stolen. This can threaten the existence of both companies and private individuals. Investigations are often difficult because the criminals usually operate from abroad.

Defense against cyber attacks through attention

Starting September 5, 2022, the National Cyber Security Center NCSC and the Swiss Crime Prevention SKP, together with the cantonal and municipal police corps, are raising awareness among the Swiss population about how to recognize fraudulent messages. On the campaign website S-U-P-E-R.ch the most important information is conveyed. The awareness campaign will last until October 16, 2022.

Source: Federal Department of Finance

Robots marketed as social companions of the future mostly do not fulfill the expectations placed on them. This is the conclusion reached by Astrid Weiss from the Human-Computer Interaction Research Unit at the Vienna University of Technology (TU Vienna)  in their current study.

Intended use is missing

"It's not due to any particular shyness about getting involved with robots. The phenomenon has nothing to do with hostility to technology. But there is simply a lack of concrete applications suitable for everyday use," says Weiss. At the beginning, such a device seems interesting, but after a few weeks, many people hardly use the robot at all.

For seven months, Weiss and her team studied eight different households that received a social robot. The households had different social backgrounds, but were basically technology-savvy. They wanted to find out how the interaction between people and robots changes over time.

Entertaining but useless

The results were clear - and sobering for robot manufacturers: In the beginning, the robots had a certain entertainment value, they were tried out and shown off, but after only a few weeks this enthusiasm wore off and most of the robots were no longer used. Increased use also failed to materialize during the Covid 19 lockdowns.

Source: Pressetext.com

At its meeting on 25 May 2022, the Federal Council defined Switzerland's priorities for the UN Security Council. The close link between human rights and peace and security is taken into account. The first priority includes peacebuilding and conflict prevention in Swiss foreign policy. Switzerland is valued as a "credible and neutral mediator". In the UN Security Council, the role in preventing conflicts will therefore be a priority. Another topic in focus is the protection of minorities and the equal participation of women in peace processes.

Climate Change as a Security Disposition

In line with its humanitarian tradition, Switzerland wants to advocate in the UN Security Council for better compliance with and strengthening of international humanitarian law in conflicts. The focus is on food security, human rights and the rights of minorities, as well as the protection of refugees in conflict regions.

An effective and broadly based UN Security Council that is capable of taking action is always in the interest of the global community and of Switzerland. That is why Switzerland has been working for almost fifteen years for greater transparency, accountability and the inclusion of non-members in the work of the body. It also wants to work for the institutional strengthening of an ombudsperson in the UN sanctions system. Climate change and security are also closely linked, as climate change has an impact on security. For this reason, he said, it is also Switzerland's goal to anchor the topic more firmly in the agenda.

Source: Federal Council/Editorial Office 

The human organism and its respiratory system have come to terms with small amounts of dust in the air we breathe over millions of years of evolution. There are also effective mechanisms for removing dust particles that have already been inhaled from the body. Dust is rarely used as a raw material or product, but is produced during many work processes in trade and industry. An exception are nanoobjects as deliberately manufactured structures for specific purposes. No one would think, however, that a piece of oak or beech wood, for example, is a potentially hazardous and even carcinogenic substance. But the dust that is generated during work such as sawing or sanding is. For a long time, it was not taken into account that even dust in low concentrations can be harmful to human health, even if it does not contain any hazardous substances.

Due to their morphological shape, pure dust particles are already capable of causing damage to the respiratory tract and in particular to the lungs. Therefore, a few years ago, within the framework of dust protection measures at the workplace, the limit values for
pure inert, i.e. non-chemically reactive, alveolar dust has been massively reduced by up to 60 percent. The lowering of the general dust limit value for this so-called A-dust was not arbitrarily political, but was irrefutably supported by new occupational health findings. The general dust limit value for alveolar dust was lowered from 3 mg/m³ to less than half, now 1.25 mg/m³. As a general dust limit, it applies as an occupational exposure limit (OEL) or maximum workplace concentration (MAK) for poorly soluble and insoluble dusts, provided these are not regulated elsewhere. After the initial excitement, this significant reduction in the limit values, in addition to raising awareness of the issue, triggered a positive impetus for the establishment of innovative lower-dust work processes and protective measures, which continues today.

Dust: types, hazards and limits

Dusts are solid particles finely dispersed in the air which are formed by mechanical processing (e.g. by crushing or surface treatment, cutting, milling) or whirling up (e.g. by blowing off with compressed air or dry sweeping with a broom). The solid particles formed by chemical or thermal processes, e.g. during welding, and also finely dispersed in the air are referred to as fumes, which in a broader sense are classified as dusts. In the food industry, in agriculture, allergizing dusts (flour dust, grain dust and dusts in animal stables) are frequently encountered. In recycling and waste collection, it is mainly dusts containing molds that appear in the air in work areas. Dusts can also be present in fibrous form. Known, extremely dangerous representatives of fibrous dusts are the variants of asbestos. Because of their extremely dangerous carcinogenic properties, a separate set of regulations has been created for them in addition to a general ban on their use. In addition to the direct health-endangering effects of dusts, the explosion hazards caused by dusts in working areas also play a role.

The mass fraction of all particles present in the breathing zone that is inhaled through the mouth and nose is referred to as the inhalable fraction (E-dust). While smaller particles (aerodynamic diameter < 5 µm) are almost completely inhaled, the inhalability decreases towards larger particles (non-inhalable fraction). The E-dust can be subdivided into further dust fractions, depending on where it is deposited in the lungs. Alveolar dust is the portion of inhalable dust that can reach the alveoli and bronchioles (A-dust). The constituents of dusts can also be hazardous; these are, for example, heavy metals or allergenic substances or endotoxins.

In addition, there are also nanoscale dusts manufactured for specific purposes, which have 1, 2 or 3 external dimensions on the nanoscale (size range of about 1 to 100 nm).

Complex health hazards

The health hazards that can emanate from the various dusts depend on the material type and composition of the dust, but also on the size and shape as well as the biostability of the individual particles. The spectrum of hazards ranges from an acute irritative or toxic effect on the respiratory tract (e.g. chemical burns) or the triggering of an acute allergic reaction to the causation of chronic inflammatory processes and the formation of tumors.

The three absolute no-goes in dust protection

• The blowing off and blowing out of dust deposits
  With compressed air
• The cleaning of dust-laden work areas
  z.e. g. by simple sweeping and without dust-binding measures
• Carrying out dusty work without
  Extraction of dusts according to the state of the art

Numerous concrete examples of protective measures against dust can be found in TRGS 500 "Protective measures", which also deals with the special features of solids, dusts and fumes, and the checklist "Dust hazardous to health" by Suva from the table below. Further information, among other things, about the common limit values of dusts can be obtained from the IFA Report of the DGUV: "Hazardous substances in the workplace" or the Suva list: "Limit values at the workplace.

This technical article appeared in the printed issue SAFETY-PLUS 2-2022. You want to read the whole article in this issue? Then close right away here a subscription.

AI can be defined as the technical performance of enabling data, sensors and processes with the aid of algorithms aligned to the desired goal to recognize patterns or correlations, or even to carry out knowledge processes in a self-learning manner by means of data enrichment in several layers and to trigger alarms or initiate other reactions depending on the detection result. Depending on the capability, two phases of AI are distinguished: pattern recognition as machine learning and the capability known as artificial neural networks or deep learning, which uses the highest-resolution cameras and audio systems or corresponding sensor technology to self-learningly extend detection and recognize patterns that humans cannot easily see or hear. AI is capable of effectively supporting humans in cognition and decision-making processes and complementing their capabilities. It can even calculate the probability and proportional strength of individual causalities using correlations within the framework of given possible causalities. But it cannot replace human intelligence, which incorporates non-systemic circumstances, intuition, will and creativity into the decision-making process, even if Paul Thagard in his recent book on "Bots and Beasts" (1) believes that humans are not the sole yardstick when it comes to the full potential that computers may one day unleash.

AI of individual technologies

Security technology also benefits greatly from AI. This will be demonstrated below for certain technologies and their areas of application with a few examples. The optimization of image analysis in video technology through AI is well known. The spectrum of image analysis controlled by intelligent algorithms ranges from pattern recognition, which in individual cases exceeds human vision, by means of high-resolution recordings, to self-optimizing learning processes for the detection of behavioral patterns and image changes, to automated alarm triggering based on intelligent detection. Processors on which the intelligent data analysis is performed convert the moving images directly in the camera into the required data formats. (2) In biometrics, AI has revolutionized facial recognition. Using intelligent algorithms, facial image analysis is performed either in the camera by matching against a "blacklist" (blocked list) or "whitelist" (shared list), or on a server, combined with the matching of thousands of images from a database. AI also enhances the performance of sensor technology. This is true for imaging, thermal and infrared cameras, as well as laser, radar, LiDAR and RFID sensing. The dependence of robotics technology on AI is self-evident. Increasingly intelligent algorithms are enabling security robots to sense irregularities and obstacles, detect hazards from gases and other chemicals, document such conditions, and initiate responses. AI has also found its way into cryptography technology. Quantum cryptography is considered absolutely secure. Every eavesdropping attack changes the bit sequence of the quantum code and automatically leads to the generation of a new quantum key.

AI in safety engineering applications

AI plays a significant role in access control. Access authorization is transferred digitally to an RFID badge and checked and updated at the entrance terminal by an update reader. Access authorization, any restrictions on access to certain, especially sensitive, indoor areas, and visitor management are linked together. Access to highly sensitive areas is equipped with two-factor authentication. Identity verification can be performed by comparing biometric characteristics. A robot takes over the greeting of a visitor and his assistance in the registration process. For access control, license plate recognition through video surveillance is an effective means. With the wide-range reader for barriers, rolling gates or garage entrances, transponders are also read from the vehicle on the basis of ultrahigh frequency.

The entry authorization can be linked to the control of the vehicle in the controlled area and to the assignment of a parking space. Effective perimeter protection consists of a mechanical component (wall or fence) and electronic monitoring of attacks by destruction or climbing over. Different sensor technologies (video surveillance, radar, LiDAR, wiring in the fence or under the ground) can be used, optimized in their functions of detection, false alarm resistance and tracking of an intruded perpetrator by AI using precise pattern recognition, object determination, direction recognition and tracking by networked camera systems. In particular, combining multispectral PTZ cameras with radar increases detection probability and reduces false alarms. (3) The minimum resolution density is specified in the DIN EN 62676-4 standard. AI ensures a false alarm rate close to zero. (4) In an intrusion detection system, deterrent mechanisms are activated by lighting, camera control and acoustic warnings via a public address system. The factory premises, but also spatially distant factory premises, can be monitored by drones whose built-in video technology is equipped with the AI explained earlier. The image information can already be evaluated during the live stream and stored in a tamper-proof manner. Fire detection is optimized by AI. For example, the Edwards ModulaLaser system works with dust suppression algorithms. Automatic adaptation to the respective ambient conditions ensures maximum sensitivity, optimal alarm thresholds and low false alarm rates.

By monitoring the internal detector measurement chamber and the dust filter in front of it, AI can continuously adjust the operating parameters automatically to counteract contamination. (5) Bosch's Aviotec fire detection system also operates on the basis of AI algorithms that can detect fire and smoke in changing weather and lighting conditions. And the IQ Firewatch sensor system developed by IQ Wireless GmbH can also be used in all weather conditions and detects smoke up to 60 km away. It can therefore be used in particular for early detection of forest and industrial fires. (7) The system covers a spectral range of 400 to 1100 nanometers through a combination of different sensors, so that its "visual power" exceeds that of the human eye. Control center technology is also being further optimized by AI. In particular, control centers with different software systems can be linked automatically via digital interfaces using intelligent algorithms. For all safety-related systems, the organization of maintenance and servicing will be revolutionized by AI. Based on all available data from the design process and the entire life cycle, from ongoing operation, operating and environmental conditions, the AI-based "predictive maintenance" process calculates the optimal time for maintenance and servicing in each case. This means that a system failure and a costly interruption of operations can be avoided. Predictive analytics has also been made possible by AI, for example in optimizing access and access control management at major events by detecting and effectively directing visitor flows, predictive calculations of traffic flow, and detecting any panic development. (8)

Perspectives

The performance level of AI will continue to increase in the future, and in ever shorter innovation cycles. This applies in particular to self-learning systems and the use of Big Data for predictive knowledge and prevention processes. It therefore makes sense, both at the corporate level and from scientific institutions and the government side, to promote further research and development of AI. (9) At the same time, work is underway to standardize AI and enable certification. For example, a working group of the German Federal Office for Information Security (BSI) and the Fraunhofer Institute for Intelligent Analysis and Information Systems is working to define standardization-ready testing principles and sets of criteria for AI systems. (10) And TÜV Süd AG is preparing to certify AI. (11) In a survey of more than 1,000 people by the TÜV association on whether AI regulation made sense, 90 percent of respondents answered in the affirmative and called for legal regulations. In the meantime, there is a draft regulation from the EU Commission that restricts the use of AI in video surveillance. (12) And the European Parliament also wants to regulate AI more strongly and ban databases for facial recognition or predictive policing.

Identity verification in an access control system can additionally be performed by comparing biometric features. This turns access authorization with a classic RFID card into two-factor authentication.

The use of powerful thermal imaging cameras in the fire protection system allows the detection of the smallest embers due to their high geometric resolution.

Literature
1) The MIT Press, Cambridge 2021
2) Edge analytics
3) GIT Security, Newsletter from 20.10.2021
4) The Security Service (DSD),
Issue 1-2021, p. 18-20
5) GIT Security, Issue 8-2021,
S. 66/67
6) GIT Security, Issue 10-2021, p. 96/97
7) s+s report, issue 2-2021, pp. 50-55
8) For example, with the "Parsifal" from G2K Group GmbH, various applications in the area of access control can be combined on the same platform.
9) This is being done, for example, through the funding guideline "AI in Civil Security Research II" issued by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) in May 2021, following on from the first guideline issued in August 2019. The aim of this guideline is, among other things, to ensure that AI methods are used more widely in risk management and in the evaluation of mass data.
10) GIT Security, Issue 9-2021, p. 6
11) Netzpolitik.org from 23.10.2021
12) FAZ from 22.02.2022
13) Security Forum, Issue 2-2021, p. 35

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